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PRACTICAL ©EAMMAIt 



IN FACT, 

A BOOK FOE BEGLOTTEKS, 

And for many who are not exactly Beginners in 
the Grammar. 

Being a system of teaching by Practical Exercises ! and 
Examples, from which the pupils easily and qyiCKLY 

ACQUIRE A KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 

AND WHILE DOING THAT GREATLY EXTEND 

THEIR KNOWLEDGE IN 

WORDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



This is done without months of hard study before the 

pupils can see or know for themselves the use of 

what they are doing. wlth such helps the 

pupils are able to 

COMPREHEND THE LANGUAGE 

In its construction, and in the peculiarity and use of its 
parts, as fast as progress is made in the exercises. 
Let every child, let Everybody who dislikes 
too much study for the knowledge ac- 
quired, have the benefit of the 
Practical Grammar. 



A 

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



CONTAINING 



PRACTICAL EXERCISES AND EXAMPLES FOR ACQUIRING A KNOWLEDGE 
OP THE ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 

WITH A DICTIONARY ATTACHED, 

IFOIR USE I3ST THE! DEZHZEI^OISEJS- 



By J. WIGHTMAN. 



If not found at your book store, 


, address 








R. R. McCABE & CO. 


5 




57 


Washington 


St., 


Chicago. 


Price, 


single copy, pamphlet, 






$0,30 


u 


" " book, 






50 


u 


per doz., pamphlet, 


. 




2.40 


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" " ' book, 






3.60 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR, 



CONTAINING 



PRACTICAL EXERCISES AND EXAMPLES 

FOR 

ScqtiMi}g a Knowledge of tl\e 5$:qgli$i GJ;i c air\aVai x . 
WITH A DICTIONARY ATTACHED, FOR USE IN THE EXERCISES. 



By J. WIGHTMAN. 



In acquiring a knowledge of the English Language, and the 

Grammar of the same, by these exercises* and examples, 

there is no time thrown away, for beginners in 

the Grammar are made able to comprehend 

the use of what they learn as fast 

as progress is made. 



! 



0° 



\ 




CHICAGO: 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 

18:76. 






Entered according- to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by 

J. WIGHTMAN, 

in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



R. R. McCabe & Co., 

PRINTERS, 

57 Washington St., Chicago. 



A PEACTIOAL GEAMMAE; 

OR, 

The Grammar Obtained in Two Weeks. 



Yes! — The Grammar of the English Language 
: acquired in two weeks. — 

"Note. — This means if the average knowledge of it 
possessed by those that have made it a study, is allowed to be 
the standard. 

Yes! something still better: a knowledge of the 
English Grammar possessed without a long, tedious 
study. 

The pupils, or many of them, possess before study- 
ing it, a practical knowledge and use of much that is 
grammar. They are heard using the verbs, nouns, 
adjectives, etc., varying them in form, to mode, tense, 
person, number, gender, and case, with much correct- 
ness. Now this practical knowledge possessed by 

,|the pupil, is not thrown aside while acquiring the 
grammar from the Practical Grammar, but used (so 
fast as confirmed by the examples) as the basis to 

jrest all future improvement upon. Again, if no one 
could think to keep a pupil six months or more study- 
ing arithmetic, before putting him to practical work, 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



why so much time spent in studying the grammar 
before the pupils are sufficiently helped to see and 
understand their work, so as to comprehend the use 
of what they are learning? The Practical Grammar 
begins with the classes of words (parts of speech), 
and ends in forming sentences by choosing a word or 
words from its attached dictionary, and using them in 
their varied forms, in mode, tense, person, number, 
gender, case, etc. 

It must not be supposed, for it is not claimed, that 
this work is perfect, or all that the pupils need to be- 
come grammarians; but it does claim, notwithstanding 
its many imperfections, that beginners in the gram- 
mar, and many that are not exactly beginners, can 
from two weeks' work in pleasant practical exercises, 
acquire a more comprehensive and permanent knowl- 
edge of the language in its construction and pecul- 
iarity in parts, than is usually possessed from six to 
twelve months of hard study. So we discover no good 
reason why, in the future, we can not have better 
grammarians for the time spent in studying it, if the 
pupils can have the benefit of this work. 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



In order to keep the mind of the beginner freed 
i from too much grammar on the start, the exercises 
are divided into two parts — the first part comprising 
no more than the verb, noun, and adjective in their 
varied forms; these, in many respects, being the most 
essential part of the language, and when their uses in 
•I the many forms they are subjected to, are fully com- 
prehended by the pupil, the hardest part of the gram- 
n mar is mastered. The first thing necessary for the 
i pupil to know at the beginning of these exercises, is, 
i that all words of the English language are included 
in and divided into eight classes, each class having 
, its own appropriate name as verb, noun, adjective, etc., 
I and each class having also its own separate use in 
i the language, so the class to which a word belongs, 
| is determined and known by the use made of it 
I when used. When T say, a fearful storm rages, I use 
\ words of three classes, of the eight classes that con- 
I stitute the words of the English language. Fearful 
is an adjective, because all words that are used to tell 
| the kind, condition, quality, etc., of other words 
(nouns) are adjectives. Storm is a noun, because all 



6 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 

words that are things, or the names of things, are 
nouns. Rages is a verb, because all words that are 
used to express action, to exist, to do something, are 
verbs. Again, a lazy horse lags. Lazy is an adjec- 
tive, because it describes or tells the kind or quality 
of horse. Horse is a noun, because it is something, 
or the name of something. Lags is a verb, because 
it expresses action, to do something. 



PEAOTIOAL GEAMMAR. 



Exercise 1, 

The pupils, for their first exercise, may form a 
column of sentences, each sentence containing an 
adjective, a noun, and a verb, of words of the pupil's 
own selection. See example 1. 

Note A. — The thinking up words for sentences will con- 
stitute much of the work in these exercises. It is a useful, 
and will be found after a little practice a very pleasant em- 
ployment for the mind. 

Note B. — The pupils should be required to copy their 
work on paper, for tutor's inspection and future reference. 

Note C. — In these exercises twelve sentences constitute a 
column of sentences, and twenty-five words a column of 
words. 

Example 1. See Note JD. 



Adjectives. 


Nouns. 


Verbs. 


Adjectives. 


Nouns. 


Verbs. 


Green 


grass 


grows. 


North 


wind 


blows. 


Little 


boys 


play. 


Old 


horse 


limps. 


Big 


boys 


w^ork. 


Blue 


hen 


cackles 


Stout 


horses 


pull. 


Light 


snow 


drifts. 



The pupils may form another column of sentences, 
with words of two or more syllables. 

Note D. — To start the pupil in the first exercise, the 
teacher may name a noun for the pupil to qualify with an 
appropriate adjective, then finish the sentence with a verb. 



FORMING SENTENCES. 



Exercise 2. 

The pupils may in this exercise form four columns 
of words; two of which being words of one syllable, 
one of these being words that will admit " the " before 
them and make sense, the other being words that wall 
admit "to" before them and make sense; the other 
two columns to be the same, only they are to be 
words of two or more syllables. 

Example 2. 

Nouns. Verbs. Nouns. Verbs. 

The world. To ride. The music. To labor. 
The air. To work. The money. To hammer. 

The storm. To rain. The table. To carry. 

Exercise 3. 

The pupils are required in this exercise to form two 
columns of sentences, one with an adjective and a 
noun in each sentence, the other with a verb and a 
noun in each sentence; using the word that is the 
noun in the first column as a verb in the second 
column. The pupil can see by this that it is the use 
made of a word that determines the class to which it 
belongs. 

Example 3. 

A new plow. To plow the field. 

A long debate. To debate the question. 

A white house. To house the cattle. 

A coarse comb. To comb the hair. 



NOUXS. 



NOUNS. 



Proper nouns are names of persons and places, as 
Washington, Boston. All others are common nouns, 
including all things that are material, as horse, wood, 
snow, trees, etc., and all things that are not material, 
as goodness, mercy, quality, height, breadth, etc. 

Any word that can be made the subject of conver- 
sation, talked about, spoken of, or admit " the " 
before it and make sense is a noun. 

Exercise 4. 

The pupils in this exercise may form three columns 
of words, one of proper nouns, two of common nouns, — 
one of nouns that are material nouns, and one of 
nouns that are not material rrouns. 





Example 4. 




Proper Nouns. 


Material Nouns. 


Not Material Nou 


George. 


Cattle. 


Generosity. 


Ohio. 


Goods. 


Ugliness. 


Buffalo. 


Mountains. 


Morality. 



Exercise 5. 

In this exercise the pupils can use their already 

I possessed practical knowledge and use of number, 

1 while forming two columns of sentences of a noun 

and verb, showing them both in the singular and 

; plural form like example, noticing the effect on the 

termination of the words. 

Example 5. 
A child cries. Children cry. 

A bird sings. Birds sing. 

A plant grows. Plants grow. 



10 NOUNS. 



Exercise 6. 

The pupils may now form two columns of sentences, 
each sentence containing an adjective, a noun, and a 
verb. The first column with words of one syllable, 
the other with words of two or more syllables. 

Example 6. 

A great king rules. Stormy weather prevails. 

The little pigs squeal. Vulgar stories corrupt. 

The young birds sing. Mean actions disgrace. 

Exercise 7. 

In this exercise the pupils are required to form two 
columns, one of words that end in " ness," the other 
of words that end in " less " — showing the class of 
words that each word belongs to, both in the primi- 
tive and derivative forms. 

Example 7. 

a. Goodness, n. n. Heartless a. 

a. Boldness, n. n. Fearless, a. 

n, Harness. n. Headless, a. 

a. Mildness, n. n. Seamless, a. 

Exercise 8. 

The work for the pupils in this exercise, is for them 
to separate the nouns from the adjectives in the 
attached columns, placing them in a column by them- 
selves; then to select an appropriate adjective for 
each noun from the adjectives, placing them at the 
left hand of the nouns. 





REGULAR VERBS. 


11 




Example 8. 




Perpetual motion. Leaky 


ship. 


Motion. 


Dangerous. Ship. 


Long. 


Flood. 


Disastrous. Prosperous. 


Danger. 


Perpetual. 


Disaster. Prosperity. 


Cow. 


Storm. 


People. Leaky. 


Great. 


Invention. 


Storm. Intense. 


Red. 


Contrivance 


. Stormy. Serious. 


Mad. 


Disposition. 


Clouds. Day. 


Unnecessary. 


Great. 


Heat. Dark. 


Fashionable. 


Contagious. 


Contagion. Darkness. 


Dog. 


Horse. 


Load. Disease. 


Delay. 


Poor. 


Line. Egyptian. 


Dress. 


Malicious. 


Year. Straight. 


Wrong. 


Mysterious. 


Ball. Big. 


Friend. 


Affair. 


New. Round. 


Companion. 


Ingenious. 


Treacherous. Doing. 


Faithful 


Mistake. 


Stories. Short. 


Great. 



REGULAR VERBS. 

Verbs are Regular when their Past tense and Past 
participle are formed by adding " d " or " ed " to the 
verb in its Present tense, as — Present tense, debar; 
Past tense, debarred; Past participle, debarred. 

Irregular verbs do not form both their Past tense 
and Past participle by adding " d " or " ed " to the 
verb in the Present tense, as — Present tense, arise; 
Past tense, arose; Past participle, arisen. 



12 VERBS PARTICIPLES. 



TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS. 

Verbs are Transitive when they have an object after 
them; as, the man plows the field. 

Note. — Field is the object of the verb plows; and man 
the subject to the verb plows. 

Verbs are Intransitive when they have no object 
after them; as, the child sleeps, the earth moves. 

Exercise 9. 

The pupils for this exercise, may form two columns 
of sentences; the first column to contain in each 
sentence a Regular Transitive verb with an object; 
the other column containing in each sentence an 
Irregular Intransitive verb. 

Example 9. 

Cattle destroy grain. Children sleep. 

Boys learn lessons. Dogs fight. 

Men saw wood. Birds fly. 

Smiths hammer iron. Plants grow. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Participles are words derived from verbs; they are 
Present and Past participle. The Present participle 
always ends in " ing," as debating. The Past par- 
ticiple of Regular verbs, always ends in " ed," as de- 
bated. The Past participle is much used in forming 
the tenses of the verbs, and in forming the tenses of 
Irregular verbs must be known. See list of Irregular 
verbs. 



PERSON. 13 



PERSON. 

Person shows the relation of the speaker to the 
object. First person, one that speaks; second person, 
spoken to; third person, spoken of. 

Personal pronouns are words used to represent 
nouns. ]n form they represent person, number, 
gender, and case. In the singular number as, 



First per.: 
Second per. 
Third per.: 


Nom. case 
I. 

: Thou. 
He, she, 


Pos. case. 

My. 

Thine, 
it. His, her, its. 

Plural. 


Obj 

Me. 

Thee 
Him, 


. case. 

it, her. 


First per.: 
Second per. 
Third per.: 


Nom. case. 

We. 

: You. 
They. 


Pos. case. 
Our. 
Your. 
Their. 




Obj. case. 

Us. 

You. 

Thetn. 




Exercise 10. 







An exercise for the pupils, using pronouns with the 
following words: Write verb; credit, noun. Saw, 
verb for the first exercise. Run, Pen, Gave, for the 
second exercise. See note. 

Example 10. 

Singular Number. 

Nom. case Pos. case. Obj. case. 

First per.: I work. My book. Told me. 

Second per.: Thou workest. Thy book. Told thee. 

Third per.: He, she, it, His, her, its, Told him, 
works. book. her, it. 



14 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



Plural. 

First per.: We work. Our book. Told us. 

Second per.: You work. Your book. Told you. 
Third per.: They work. Their book. Told them. 

Note. — The first exercise for pupils begins : I write, my 
credit, saw me. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

The Relative pronouns are, who, which, that, and 
what. Who, is used to represent persons. Which 
and what, to represent things. That, to represent 
both persons and things. 

Exercise 11. 

Pupils may use Personal pronouns, Relative pro- 
nouns, nouns, and verbs, by forming a column of 
sentences of them, one or more of a kind in each 
sentence. 

Example 11. 

They who invited us home. 
The horses which we rode. 
He that told them falsehoods. 

Exercise 12. 

In this exercise, the pupils are required to form a 
column of sentences, having in each a Personal pro- 
noun, a Relative pronoun, a Regular Transitive verb, 
and a noun — the noun as object of the verb. 



MODE— TENSE. 15 



Example 12. 

He who discovered America. 
She that finished the dress. 
It which destroyed the fruit. 

Note. — The Relative pronouns are soon learned, but the 
pupils should practice on the Personal pronouns until they 
can give the person, number, gender, and case of each at 
sight. _____ 

MODE. 

Mode is the manner of an assertion. The Indica- 
I tive mode asserts unconditionally, — as, He writes; they 
work. The Potential mode asserts with a possibility — 
as, He can work. The Subjunctive mode asserts with 
a doubt — as, If he works. The Imperative mode 
asserts with a command — as, James, finish that work. 
The Infinitive mode is the verb in its simplest form. 



TENSE. 

Tense means time. The verbs represent different 
times by the names and forms of the tenses. 

Exercise 13. 

The pupils for this exercise may show the names 
and forms of the tenses of the Regular verbs — Delight, 
Prepare, and Debar, in the Indicative mode, using 
nouns or pronouns of the third person. 

Note. — Verbs will be used in the Indicative mode, having 
nouns and pronouns in third person as subjects of the verbs, 
until otherwise indicated. When this is well understood, 
the names and forms of the tenses of the other modes are 
well nigh mastered. 



16 



TEXSE. 



Example 13. 

The Regular verb, Delight, using the pronoun They. 

Present tense: They delight. 

Prior present tense: They have delighted. 

Past tense: They delighted. 

Prior past tense: They had delighted. 

Future tense: They shall or will delight. 

Prior future tense: They shall or will have delighted. 

Note. — Pronouns in their other person and number to be 
used in reviewing. 

A list of some of the Irregular verbs, with their 
Past tense and Past participle : 



Begin 


Began 


Begun. 


Arise 


Arose 


Arisen. 


Abide 


Abode 


Abode. 


Beseech 


Besought 


Besought 


Buy 


Bought 


Bought. 


Do 


Did 


Done. 


Draw 


Drew 


Drawn. 


Drink 


Drank 


Drunk. 


Drive 


Drove 


Driven. 


Eat 


Ate 


Eaten. 


Fall 


Fell 


Fallen. 


Feed 


Fed 


Fed. 


Feel 


Felt 


Felt. 


Grow 


Grew 


Grown. 


Freeze 


Froze 


Frozen. 


Strive 


Strove 


Striven. 


Throw 


Threw 


Thrown. 


Shed 


Shed 


Shed. 





TENSE. 


17 


Sit 


Sat 


Sat. 


Sleep 


Slept 


Slept. 


Slay 


Slew 


Slain. 


Split 


Split 


Split. 


Tread 


Trod 


Trod. 


Tear 


Tore 


Torn. 


Thrive 


Throve 


Thriven. 


See 

1 


Saw 
Exercise 14. 


Seen. 


The pupils m 


ay for this exercise 


show the names 


and forms of the 


tenses of the Irregular verbs, See, Do, 


Drive, and Buy, 


using the pronouns, 


He, She, It, and 


They. These pronouns are in the third person. See 


Pronouns. 
\ 


Example 14. 




Irregular verb Slay, using pronoun He, singular 


number. See Pronouns. 




Present tense: 


He slays. 




Prior present tense: He has slain 




Past tense: 


He slew. 





Prior past tense: He had slain. 

! Future tense: He shall or will slay. 

J Prior future tense : He shall or will have slain. 

Plural number, using pronoun They. See Pronouns. 

'Present tense: They slay. 

\ Prior present tense: They have slain. 

;Past tense: They slew. 

Prior past tense: They had slain. 

'Future tense: They shall or will slay. 

Prior future tense: They shall or will have slain. 



18 




TENSE. 








The 
First person: I 
Third person: He, 
He, singular, and 
example: 

Present tense: 


Exercise 15. 

Irregular verb Be. 

am; Second person: Thou art; 

she, or it is — used with pronoun 

They, plural, in this following 

Example 15. 
He is. 



Prior present tense: He has been. 

Past tense: He was. 

Prior past tense: He had been. 

Future tense: He shall or will be. 

Prior future tense: He shall or will have been. 

Plural. 

Present tense: They are. 

Prior present tense: They have been. 

Past tense: They were. 

Prior past tense: They had been. 

Future tense: They shall or will be. 

Prior future tense: They shall or will have been. 

Potential Mode. 

The Potential mode has but four tenses. The 
verbs in the Present and Prior Present tenses are 
preceded by may, or can, in their forms, and the Past 
and Prior Past are preceded by might, could, would, 
or should, in their forms. 

Exercise 16. 

The pupils may give the names and forms of the 
tenses of the verbs, Prevail, Lament, and Unlock, in 
the Potential mode. 



VOICE. 19 

Example 16. 

The verb Prepare, Potential mode. 
Present tense: He may or can prepare. 

Prior present tense: He may or can have prepared 
Past tense: He might prepare. 

Prior past tense: He might have prepared. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

The names and forms of the tenses of verbs in the 
Subjunctive mode, are like those of the Indicative 
mode, only the verb in the Subjunctive mode is pre- 
ceded by " if," or some conjunction expressing doubt, 
in all its tenses — as, If he works, If he has worked; 
If he shall or will work, If he shall or will have 
worked. 

The pupils may give the names and forms of the 
tenses of the verbs, Refer, Complain, and Molest, for 
this exercise, in Subjunctive mode. 



VOICE. 

Verbs are in the Active voice when the subject acts 
— as, The boys play; The girls learn. 

Verbs are in the Passive voice when the subject is 

, acted upon — as, The grain is harvested; The bees are 

hived. Verbs are put into the Passive form by add- 

! ing the Past participle of the verb to the verb To be 

! in its tenses — as, I am loved. 

Exercise 17. 

The pupil may give names and forms of the tenses 
i of the verbs Regard, and Abuse, in the Passive form 
or voice. 



20 CASE. 



Example 17. 

Passive voice — The verb Help — using the pronoun 
He. 

Present tense: He is helped. 

Prior present tense: He has been helped. 

Past tense: He was helped. 

Prior past tense: He had been helped. 

Future tense: He shall or will be helped. 

Prior future tense: He shall or will have been helped. 



CASE. 



Case denotes the relation of nouns and pronouns 
with other words. When a noun or pronoun is the 
subject of a verb, it is in the Nominative case. When 
it indicates possession, it is in the Possessive case. 
When it is the object of a verb or preposition, it is in 
the Objective case. 

Exercise 18. 

For this the pupils may form a column of sentences, 
having in each sentence a Transitive verb, an adjec- 
tive, and a noun or pronoun in the Nominative case, 
and a noun or pronoun in the Objective case. 

Example 18. 
Norn. Case. Obj. Case. 

Great ships plow the ocean. 
Good actions merit praise. 
Bad men break the law. 






ADJECTIVES ADVERBS PREPOSITIONS; 21 



ADJECTIVES. 

The Adjectives may be divided into three classes — 
the Qualifying adjectives, the Definite adjectives, the 
Indefinite adjectives. 

The Qualifying adjectives are those which describe 
or express the state, condition, or quality of nouns — 
as, lost child; new goods; faithful friend. Many 
adjectives are formed from nouns, by adding y or ly 
to the noun — as, manly; handy; woody; muddy; oily; 
greasy; foggy. 

The Definite adjectives are those which express 
either particularity or number definitely — as, the 
book; that book; two books; first day. 
I The Indefinite adjectives are those which express 
-number without particularity 1 — indefinitely — as, some 
books; any books; sundry books; more books; several 
books. 



ADVERBS. 



Adverbs are words used to modify the meaning of 
verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs — as, very small; 
jtotally wrong; exceedingly bright; slowly advancing, 
etc. Many of them are formed from adjectives, by 
adding ly — as, greatly; smoothly; tamely; goodly; 
rightly; straightly. 

_ 

PREPOSITIONS. 

1 A preposition is a word that shows the relation or 
situation of a phrase or the subject, of a phrase to the 
noun or pronoun that is its object — as, he rode 



22 CONJUNCTIONS INTERJECTIONS. 

(around) the hill; he was found (on) the street; she 
was lost (in) the crowd. 

The pupils may form a column of sentences, using 
a preposition in each sentence, selecting from the fol- 
lowing list: — About, above, amid, among, after, across, 
around, before, behind, beneath, beside, betwixt, 
below, beyond, by, in, into, of, over, on, through, to, 
towards, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without, 
unlike, under, throughout. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions are words used to connect words and 
sentences — as, James and John ; the winds blow, (but) 
the rain has subsided. 



INTERJECTIONS. 

Note. — It is doubted by some whether the interjection is 
properly a separate part of speech. 

The pupils may, for exercise, form a column of 
compound or double sentences, connected by a con- 
junction selected from the attached list: — 

Example 19. 

The goods are sold (and) the money is ready; they ; 
rode out (but) will walk back; the weather is cold j 
(though) the sun shines; she will come (unless) pre- 
vented by sickness. A list of words commonly used as ! 
conjunctions: — And, also, though, as, but, else, except, 
for, if, lest, likewise, nor, or, therefore, unless, where- j 
fore, yet, because, moreover, however, howbeit, when. 



GENERAL EXERCISES. 23 

The use made of conjunctions, the use made of 
prepositions, the use made of adverbs, must each 

g separately be well fixed in the mind of the pupil; for 
the class of words to which a word belongs, is only 

.known by the use made of it at the time when used. 

^he same word may be in one place a conjunction, 
in another a preposition, and in another an adverb. 

J So it is for the pupil to comprehend the use of each. 

Exercise 19. 

The pupils, for exercise, may give the form of the 
tense named of the following verbs, all to be in the 
Indicative mode: The Prior Past tense of the verb 
'Defy; the Past tense of the verb Prefer; the Prior 
'Future tense of the verb Relate; the Future tense of 
Ithe verb Take; the Prior Present tense of the verb 
Arise, using for the subject of the verbs, a personal 
pronoun in the third person, singular number, mascu- 
line gender, nominative case. 

Exercise 20. 

' For this exercise form a column of sentences, 
fc. using one of the following verbs in each sentence in 
jthe following order: the first six named verbs to be 
I in the Indicative mode. The first of the six to be 

used in the Present tense; the other five to be used in 
f the succession of the tenses, from the Present to the 
; Prior Future. The next four to be used in the 

Potential mode, using the tenses in succession, from 
<| the Present to the Prior Past. The last two verbs to 
j be used in the Subjunctive mode — one to be used in 
1 the Prior Present tense, the other in the Prior Past 

tense: Delay, Relate, Contrive, Debar, Resist, Com- 



24 GENERAL EXERCISES. 

plain, Select, Divest, Relent, Labor, Command, 
Believe. 

Example 20. 

Friends delay their coming. 
They have related the facts. 
It contrived its escape. 

Note. — This kind of work should be extended far beyond 
these exercises, for we know no so sure a way to retain the 
definition of a word, as, so soon as known, to use it in a 
sentence ; if a noun, in both numbers, etc. ; if a verb, in the 
tenses, etc. 

Exercise 21. 

In this exercise the pupils are required to form two 
columns of sentences; but firstly, to change each word 
in the attached column of adjectives, from an adjec- 
tive to a noun, by changing its ending, making a 
column of nouns. Then form a column of sentences, 
using one word in each sentence from the new-made 
column of nouns; and then after changing the column 
of nouns to a column of adjectives, form a column 
of sentences, using an adjective in each, from the new- 
made column of adjectives. 

Example 21. 

The ice melted. The watery deep. 

The heat oppressed. An airy room. 

And fear came on all. A very stormy night. 

Adjectives. Nouns. 

Icy water. 

Hot air. 

Great delight. 

Fearful storm. 



GENERAL 3 


EXERCISES. 


Adjectives. 


Nouns. 


Stormy 


time. 


Dangerous 


sickness 


Delightful 


sight. 


Daily 

Beautiful 


news, 
child. 


Snowy 


night. 


Foggy 
Endless 


day. 
studv. 



25 



For an exercise the pupils may detect and correct 
the letters indicating the parts of speech wrongly, of 
ten words of the attached dictionary. 

Exercise 22. 

For this exercise the pupils_ may form three columns 
of sentences. Firstly, form a column of sentences, 
using an adjective from the column of adjectives in 
each sentence. Secondly, form a column of sen- 
tences, using a noun in each sentence from the 
column of nouns. Thirdly, form a column of sen- 
tences, using a verb from the column of verbs in each 
sentence. The verbs to be used in the Indicative 
mode, and each in the tense indicated.* 

Example, 22. 

It is an aligerous creature. 
With unfeigned alacrity. 
It accelerated the work. 



J Nouns. Adjectives. 

\ Alacrity. Aligerous. 

Acumen. Adroit. 

Aciditv. Affable. 



Verbs. 

Accelerate: Past. 

Audit: Future. 

Augment: Prior past. 



26 


PARSING. 




Nouns. 


Adjectives. 


Verbs. 




Aliped. 


Ambiguous. 


Assume: 


Prior future. 


Amnesty. 


Amenable. 


Approximate 


: Present. 


Antipathy. 


Amphibious. 


Allude: 


Prior present. 


Aptitude. 


Annular. 


Advolate: 


Past. 


Avidity 


Arable. 


Acquire: 


Prior past. 


Besom. 


Compatible. 


Anticipate: 


Prior present. 


Certitude. 


Complex. 


Approbate: 


Prior future.- 


Chaos. 


Desultory. 


Assimilate: 


Future. 


Celerity. 


Deciduous. 
PA 


Chide: 


Prior past. 




RSING. 





Among the several systems that have been 
adopted to help the pupils retain and improve on 
what they have learned of the fundamental parts of 
the language, we have found nothing so easily 
comprehended and so sure to advance the pupil, as a 
thorough system of parsing, showing all either 
expressed, understood, or implied. 

The pupils, after well examining this example in 
parsing, may copy it, applying the rules. 

Example. 

Parsing the following: — Some of them who rode in 1 
fine carriages, and spent money freely, died poor.— 
Some, an Indefinite adjective, belongs to persons 
understood; it is used as a noun, and may be parsed 
as such, third person (spoken of, see page 13), 
plural number (more than one), nominative case, it 
being the subject of the verb died. (See rule 1.) Of, 
is a preposition, belongs to them. (See rule 2.) Them, 
is a personal pronoun, third person, plural number, 



PARSING. 27 



objective case, being the object of the preposition of. 
(See rule 3.) Who, is a relative pronoun, having 
them for its antecedent (see rule 4), third person, 
plural number, nominative case, it being the subject 
of the verb rode. (See rule 5.) Rode is an Irregular 
(see page 11) Intransitive verb (see page 12), indicative 
mode (see page 15), past tense (see exercise, 13), 
third person, plural number, having who for its sub- 
ject. (See rule 6.) In, is a preposition, belongs to 
carriages. (See rule 2.) Fine, is a qualifying adjec- 
tive, belongs to carriages. (See rule 7.) Carriages, 
a common noun (material, see page 9), third person, 
plural number, objective case. (See rule 8.) And, is 
a conjunction. (See rule 9.) Spent, is an Irregular 

"Transitive verb, indicative mode, past tense, third 
person, plural number, connected to the verb rode by 
the conjunction and. (See rule 9.) Money, is a 
common noun, third person, singular number, objec- 
tive case, it being the object of the verb spent. (See 
rule 10.) Freely is an adverb, modifying the phrase 
spent money. (See rule 11.) Died is a Regular 

"Intransitive verb, indicative mode, past tense, third 
person, plural number, having some for its subject. 
(See rule 6.) Poor is an adjective used adverbially; 

, belongs to some, or persons understood. (See rule 7.) 

Note: — To finish up these exercises the pupils should 
| form many columns of sentences, choosing every time a use- 
i ful word as the basis of each sentence, and should parse the 
same, applying the rules. 

I Rules for Use in Parsing the Eight Classes of 
Words. 

Mule 1. The subject of a verb is in the nomina- 
tive case. 



28 PARSING. 



Rule 2. A preposition belongs to the noun or pro- 
noun that is its object. 

Rule 3. The object of a preposition is in the 
objective case. 

Rale, 4. A noun or pronoun agrees with its antece 
dent in person and number. 

Rule 5. The subject of a verb is in the nominative 
case. 

Rule 6 A verb agrees with its subject in person 
and number. 

Rule 7. Adjectives belong to nouns which they 
qualify. 

Rule 8. A noun or pronoun being the object of a 
preposition, is in the objective case. 

Rule 9. Conjunctions connect words and sen- 
tences. 

Rule 10. The object of a transitive verb or its 
participle is in the objective case. 

Rule 11. Adverbs are used as modifyers of verbs, 
adjectives, and other adverbs. 

Rule 12. Nouns and pronouns following the verb 
"to be" in its variations, and meaning the same 
person or thing as the subject of the verb, are in the 
nominative case — as, That boy is he who, etc; They arc 
they, or the men who, etc. 

Rule 13. A noun or pronoun addressed, or in an 
unconnected phrase or sentence, is nominative case, 
independent — as, John! your attention; The night 
having past. 

Rule 14. A noun or pronoun used to indentify 
another noun or pronoun, is in the same case with it 
—as, Clav, the statesman.. 



DICTIONARY. 



:i 



ID I OT X 1ST .A. IR, ~Y\ 



Abaft, ad. The hind part of a ship. 
Abased, _p. a. Reduced to a low state. 
Abbreviated, p. Shortened, abridged. 
Abearance, n. Behavior, demeanor. 
Aberrant, a. Wandering from the right way. 
Abet, v. To encourage, to aid. 
Abhorrent, a. Detesting, hating. 
Abintestate, a. Dying without a will. 
Abjure, v. To renounce upon oath. 
Ablepsy, n. Blindness. 
Abnegate, v. To deny. 
Abnormal, a. Not conformed to rule. 
Abolition, n. Emancipation. 
Abreption, n. The carrying away. 
Abrogate, v. To repeal, to annul. 
Abrupt, a. Steep, craggy. 
Abscission, a. A cutting off. 
Absolute, a. Complete in itself. 
Absolved, v. Released, acquitted. 
Absorption, n. The entire occupation or en- 
grossment of mind. 



ABSTRUSELY ADOLESCENT. 



Abstrusely, ad. In a concealed manner. 
Absurdity, n. Not consistent with reason. 
Abvolate, v. To fly from. 
Abyss, a. A bottomless gulf. 
Accelerate, v. To hasten. 
Acceptance, n. A favorable reception. 
Accessional, a. Additional. [climate. 

Acclimate, v. To habituate the body to the 
Accomplice, n. An associate in a crime. 
Accord, v. To agree, to correspond. 
Accost, v. To approach, to speak first to. 
Accretive, a. Increasing by growth. 
Acetum, n. Vinegar. [formed. 

Achievable, n. That which may be per- 
Achromatic, a. Destitute of color. 
Acidity, n. Sourness. 
Acoustics, n. The science of sounds. 
Acme, n. The height or crisis of anything. 
Acquest, n. The thing gained. 
xAcquiesce, v. To rest satisfied. 
Acquire, v. To gain, to possess. 
Actuated, a. Incited to action. 
Acumen, n. Quickness of perception. 
Adage, n. A proverb. 
Adaniic, a. Pertaining to Adam. 
Adduce, v. To bring forward, to introduce, 
Adept, n. One well skilled. 
Adequate, a. Equal, proportionate. 
Adhesion, a. The act or state of sticking. 
Adjunct, )t. United with. 
Admissible, a. That may be admitted. 
Adolescent, a. Advancing from childhood. 



ADROIT — AMBIGUOUS. 33 

Adroit, a. Dextrous, skillful. 

Ad valorem. According to value. 

Adynamic, a. Destitute of strength. 

Affable, a. Courteous. 

Affiance, n. Faith pledged. 

Affiliate, v. To adopt, initiate. 

Aft, a. The stern of a ship. 

Agamist, n. An unmarried person. 

Aggregate, n. The sum of many particulars. 

Agitate, v. To stir. 

Agog, ad. In a state of desire. 

Alamode, ad. According to the fashion. 

Akin, a. Related to. 

Alacrity, n. Cheerfulness, gayety. [race. 

Albino, n. White person belonging to a black 

Album, n. A book for autographs. 

Albumen, n. The white of an egg. (Chem.W.) 

Alert, a. Watchful. 

Alibi, a. In another place. 

Aligrous, a. Having wings. 

Aliment, n. Food. 

Aliped, n. Animal whose toes are connected. 

Allegory, n. A figurative sentence, [words. 

Allocution, n. The art of addressing in 

Allude, v. To refer to. 

Ally, n. A confederate. 

Alternate, a. That which happens by turns. 

Altitude, n. Space extending upwards. (W.) 

Altivolant, a. Flying high. (W.) 

iVmazon, n. A people once of Asia Minor. 

Ambidexter, n. A two-sided person, [ings. 

Ambiguous, a. Having two or more mean- 



34 AMBLER APIARY. 



Ambler, n. A pacing horse. 

Ameliorate, v. To improve, make better. 

Amenable, a. Liable. 

Amiable, a. Lovely, worthy of love, 

Amicably, ad. In a friendly manner. 

Amity, n. Harmony. 

Amnesty, n. A general pardon, [water or air. 

Amphibious, a. Creatures that can live in 

Amplificate, v. To enlarge. 

Amylaceous, a. Starchy; per. to starch. 

Anagogical, a. Mysterious, spiritual. 

Anagraph, n. An inventory, a commentary. 

Analysis, n. A separation of any compound 
into its several parts. 

Anguish, n. Extreme pain 

Animalty, n. Animal existence. 

Annals, n. A species of history, etc. (W.) 

Annular, a. Having the form of a ring. 

Anonymous, a. Nameless, without the real 
name. [ment. 

Antarchism, n. Opposition to all govern- 

Antecedent, n. Going before. 

Antediluvian, n. Before the deluge. (W.) 

Anthropology, n. A discourse upon human 
nature. 

Anticipate, v. To foresee. 

Antipathy, n. Natural aversion. 

Antiquary, n. One who studies antiquity. 

Antithesis, n. Opposition of words or senti- 
ments. 

Apex, n. Top, tip, or point. 

Apiary, n. A place where bees are kept. 



APOSTATE— ASYLUM. 35 

Apostate, n. One who has forsaken his re- 
ligion. 

Appall, v. To fright, to depress. 

Append, a. To attach. 

Appreciate, v. To value, to raise in value. 

Apprehend, v. To take hold of. 

Approbate, v. To express satisfaction. 

Approximate, v. To come near. 

Aptitude, n. Fitness, suitableness. 

Aqueous, n. Watery, abounding with water. 

Arable, a. Fit for tillage. [kept. 

Archives, n. The place in which records are 

Arduous, a. Attended with great labor. 

Areopagus, n. A tribunal at Athens, Greece. 
(W.) (W.) 

Argus, n. A fabulous being of antiquity. 

Arrogance, n. Pride, conceit. [France. 

Artesian, a. A kind of well; from Artois in 

Arundelian, a. Per. to Arundel. (W.) 

Ascetic, a. Rigid, retired from the world. 

Askance, a. Sideways. 

Asperity, n. Roughness. 

Asphaltum, n. Bitumen. (W.) 

Aspirate, a. Pronounced with a full voice. 

Assay, v. To determine the properties of a 
thing. 

Assertive, a. Positive. 

Assiduous, a. Constant in application. 

Assimilate, v. To bring to a likeness. 

Associate, v. To unite in company. 

Assume, v. To take, to arrogate. 

Asylum, n. Any place of retreat. 



36 ATTENUATE BAYOU. 



Attenuate, a. To make thin, or less consistent. 

Audible, a. That may be heard. 

Audit, v. To examine and adjust an account. 

Augment, v. To increase, to enlarge. 

Auricular, a. Per. to the ear. 

Auriferous, a* That yields or produces gold. 

Auspicious, a. Having omens of success. 

Authenticity, n. The quality of being au- 
thentic. 

Auxitic, a. Increasing. 

Auxiliary, a. Helping, aiding. 

Avalanche, n. A snow-slide. 

Averse, a. Disliking. 

Avert, v. To turn away. 

Avidity, n. Greediness. 

Award, v. To judge, to determine. 

Axiom, n. Self-evident truth. 

Bacciferous, n. That produces berries. 

Baffle, v. To elude. 

Bandit, n. An outlaw. 

Bandyleg, n. A crooked leg. 

Bane, n. Poison. 

Bantam, n. A small kind of fowl. 

Barque, n. A small ship. 

Barrator, n. One who excites law-suits. 

Barricade, v. To stop up a passage, to ob- 
struct. 

Basalt, n. A tough, heavy rock. (W.) 

Basilisk, n. A fabulous serpent. (W.) 

Bastile, n. An old castle in Paris. [fense. 

Bastion, n. A mass of earth, or wall for de- 
Bayou, n. An outlet, a channel. 



BEAMXESS — BOVINE. 37 

Beamless, a. Emitting no rays of light. 

Beatitude, n. Blessedness. 

Becalm, v. To still, to make quiet. 

Bedouin, n. Arabs who live in tents. 

Beguile, a. To deceive. 

Behest, n* Command, precept. 

Belomancy, n. A kind of divination. (W.) 

Beneficent, a. Doing good. 

Bequest, n. A legacy. 

Besom, n. A broom, a brush of twigs. 

Betide. To happen. 

Beverage. Drink, liquor for drinking. 

Bias. To incline to one side. 

Bibacious, a. Addicted to drinking. 

Bickering, p. Quarreling. 

Bidental, a. Having two teeth. 

Bifacial, a. Having the opposite faces alike. 

Bifarious, a. Bringing fruit twice a year. 

Bigot, n. One unduly devoted to a party. 

Biliteral, a. Consisting of two letters. 

Binate, a. Being double. 

Biography, n. An historical account of the 

lives of particular men. 
Biology, n. The science of life. [shells. 

Bivalve, a. Like the oyster, having two 
Blinking, a. Winking. 
Blithe, a. Gay, sprightly. 
Bonus, n. A premium. 

Bonasus, n. A species of wild cattle. (W.) 
Botany, n. The science of plants. 
Bowlder, n. A rock. 
Bovine, Pertaining to oxen and cows. (W.) 



38 BRASIER — CALLOUS. 

Brasier, n. One who works in brass. 

Bribe, v. To hire for a bad purpose. 

Bridewell, n. A house of correction. 

Bronze, n. A compound of tin and copper. 

Brumal, a. Belonging to the winter. 

Butler, n. A servant. 

Butting, v. Striking with the head. 

Buttress, n. A prop, a shore. 

Bywipe, a. A secret stroke, or sarcasm. 

Byssine, a. Silky, made of silk. 

Cabal, n. A junto. [ment. 

Caducous, a. Falling off soon after develop- 

Cadet, n. A young man in a military school. 

Cagmag, n. Tough, dry meat. 

Caitiff, n. A mean villain. 

Cajole, v. To flatter, deceive. 

Calabash, n. A vessel made of a gourd shell. 

Calcareous, a. Partaking of the nature of 

lime. 
Calciferous, a. Containing lime. 
Calcine, v. To reduce a substance to powder. 
Calefy, v. To grow warm or hot. 
Caliduct, n. A pipe for conducting heat. 
Caligraphist, n. An elegant penman. 
Callous, a. Hard, unfeeling. 
Caloric, n. The principle or matter of heat. 
Calography, n. Elegant penmanship. 
Calumet, n. An Indian pipe. 
Calumny, n. Slander. 
Calidity, n. Heat. 
Caliginous, a. Dim, obscure. 
Callous, a. Hard, insensible. 



CALLOW CARCERAL, 39 

Callow, a. Destitute of feathers. 

Calm, a. Still, quiet. 

Calorific, a. Producing heat, 

Calumniator, n. One who slanders. 

Calvity, n. Baldness. 

Calx, n. Chalk, lime. (W.) 

Cameo, n. A precious stone. 

Camerating, p. Arching. [cans. 

Canhook, n+ An instrument for handling 

Cancel, v. To annul, blot out. 

Canescent, u. Growing white or hoary. 

Cancrine, a. Having the qualities of a crab. 

Candent, a. Very hot, glowing with heat. 

Cannonade, v. To discharge cannon. 

Cannular, a. Having the form of a tube. 

Canopy, n. A covering spread over the head* 

Canorous, a. Musical, tuneful, 

Cantlit, n. A piece, a fragment. 

Canton, n. A division of country. 

Capacity, v. To qualify. 

Capacious, a. Large, wide. 

Cap-a-pie, a. From head to foot. 

Capillary, K, Resembling a hair; fine, minute. 

Capituate, v. A surrendering on conditions. 

Capricious, a. Freakish, whimsical. 

Capriped, a. Having feet like a goat. 

Captious, a. Disposed to find fault. 

Captivated, p. Made prisoner. 

Carat, n. The weight of four grains* (W.) 

Caravansery. A kind of inn where caravans 

rest at night. 
Carceralj a. Belonging to a prison. 



40 CARDED CASTIGATE. 



Carded, v. Combed. 

Cardinal, a. Chief, principal. 

Careen, v. To incline to one side. 

Caress, v. To treat with kindness. 

Cargo, n. The freight of a ship. 

Caricature, n. A ludicrous likeness of a thing. 

Carman. A drayman. 

Carnage, n. Slaughter, havoc. 

Carnal, a. Opposed to spiritual. 

Carnation, n. Flesh color. 

Carnivorous, a. Feeding on flesh. 

Carol, v. To sing, to warble. 

Carolitic, a. Decorated with branches. 

Carpentry, n. The work of a carpenter. 

Carping, n. The act of caviling. 

Carpology, n. Description of fruits. 

Cartel, n. An agreement for exchange of 

prisoners. 
Cartilage, n. Gristle. 

Cartography, n. The art of map drawing. 
Cartouch, n, A case for balls. 
Cascade, n. A waterfall. 
Caseharden, a. To harden the outside. 
Caseous, a. Like cheese. 
Caseum, n. The basis of cheese. 
Cashiered, p. Dismissed, discarded. 
Casket, n. A small box for jewels. 
Caspian, n. A name of a lake or sea. (W.) 
Casque, n. A headpiece. 
Caste, n. The classes or castes. (W.) 
Castellated, a. Enclosed in a building. 
Castigate, v. To chastise > to correct. 



CASTLE— CENTRIFUGAL. 



41 



Castle, n. A fortified house. 
Castlet, ?i, A small castle. 
Casually, ad. Accidentally [ulcher. (W.) 
Catacomb, n. A grotto, a subterraneous sep- 
Cataract, n. A great fall of water. 
Catastrophe, n. A calamity. 
Catholical, a. General. 
Causable, a. That may be caused. 
Causality, n. The agency of a cause. 
Causati ve, a. That expresses a cause or reason. 
Causing, p. Producing. 
Caustic, a. Burning, corroding. 
Caution, n. Provident care, prudence. 
Cautious, a. Careful to avoid. 
Cavalier, ?z. An armed horseman. 
Cavil, n. False or frivolous objections. 
Cavity, n. A hollow place. 
Ceaseless, a. Continual. 
Cede, v. To yield, to surrender. 
Celebrity, n. Fame, renown. 
Celerity, n. Swiftness. 
Celestial, a. Heavenly. 
Celibacy, n. An unmarried state. 
Cellular, a. Containing cells. 
Cemetery, n. A place of burial. 
Censorious, a. Apt to blame. 
Centage, n. Rate per cent. 
Centennial, a. Consisting of a hunared years. 
Centesimal, a. The hundredth. 
Central, a. Relating to the center. 
Centrifugal, a. Tending to recede from the 
center. 



42 CENTRIPETAL CHINED. 

Centripetal, a. Tending toward the center. 
Centumvir, n. A name given to judges of 

Rome. (W.) 
Century, n. A hundred years. 
Cephalic, a. Per. to the head. 
Ceraceous, a. Of the nature of wax. 
Cerated, a. Covered with wax. 
Cereal, a. Per. to edible grain ; as wheat. 
Ceremony, n. External form in religion. 
Certitude, n. Freedom from doubt. 
Cetaceous, a. Belonging to the whale kind. 
Cetology, n. History of cetaceous animals. 
Chabasite, n. A mineral. (W.) 
Chagrin, v. To vex, to mortify. 
Chaldaic, a. Per. to Chaldea. (W.) 
Chaldron, n. A coal measure of thirty- six 

bushels. 
Challenge, n. An invitation to a contest. 
Chamois, n. An animal of the goat kind. 
Chanter, n. One who chants or sings. 
Chaos, n. State of confusion. 
Charm, v. To control by secret influence. 
Charpie, n. Lint for dressing a wound. 
Chasm, n. A gap, a void space. 
Chasten, v. To punish, 
Chibbal, n. A small kind of onion. 
Chicane, v. To use cavils, artifices. [fee. 

Chicory, n. A plant used in adulterating cof- 
Chide, v. To scold at. 
Chimb, n. The edge of a cask. 
Chine, n. The back-bone of an animal. 
Chined, a. Per. to the back. 



CHEMISTRY — CIRCUMAGITATE. 43 

Chemistry, n. A science. (W.) 
Cherish, a. To treat with tenderness. 
Cherubic, a. Angelic. 
Chicanery, n. Sophistry. 
Chiliagon, n. Of a thousand angles. 
Chilopod, n. An animal. (W ) 
Chimera, n. A fabulous monster. (W.) 
Chincapin, n. A dwarf chestnut. 
Chouse, v. To cheat, defraud. 
Chousing, p. Imposing on. 
Chore, n. Small job. 
Christen, y. To name. 
Chromatic, a. Relating to color. 
Chromatics, n. The science of colors. 
Chronic, a. Long standing. 
Chronicle, v. To register. 
Chronology, n. The science of time. (W.) 
Chrysalis, n, A particular state of insects. 
(W.) - m . [omy. 

Chrysology, n. One branch of political econ- 
Chum, n. A fellow companion. 
Churl, n. A rude, ill-bred man. 
Cibarious, a. Useful for food. 
Cicatrix, n. A scar. 
Cilia, n. The eyelashes. (W.) 
Cilicious, a. Made of hair. (W-) 

Cimbric, n. The language of the Cimbri, 
Cimotite, n. A species of clay. (W.) 
Cinerulent, a. Full of ashes. 
Circuitous, a. Going round in a circuit. 
Circuity, n f Going round. 
Circumagitate, v. To agitate on all sides. 



44 CIRCUMAMBULATE — CLAWBACK. 

Circumambulate, v. To walk round. 

Circumclusion, n. The act of inclosing. 

Circumfusion, n. Spreading around. 

Circumlocution, n. A circuit of words. 

Circumligation, n. The act of bending around. 

Circumpolar, a. About the pole. (W.) 

Circumrotary, a. Turning, rolling around. 

Circumscribe, v. To limit, confine, bound. 

Circumspect, a. Cautious, prudent. 

Circumstantial, a. Relating to, casual. 

Circumvent, v. To delude, impose. 

Circumvolve, v. To roll round, to revolve. 

Cisatlantic, a. Being on this side of the At- 
lantic. 

Citadel, n. A fortress. 

Citation, a. Summons. (W.) 

Cite, v. To summon, to quote. 

Civility, n. Politeness. 

Claimant, n. One who demands. 

Clairvoyant, a. Discerning objects not seen 
by the eye. 

Clamor, n. A great outcry. 

Clamp, n. Something that fastens or binds. 

Clan, 7i. A race, a tribe. 

Clandestine, a. Private, hidden. 

Clannish, a. Like a clan. 

Clarify, v. To make clear, purify. 

Clarisonous, a. Having a clear sound. 

Classic, n. An author of the first rank. (W.) 

Classify, v. To form in classes, [W. 

Clause, n. A sentence or part of a sentence. 

Clawback. One who flatters. 



CLAY COADJUTOR. 45 

Clay, n. A species of earth. (W.) 

Cleanse, v. To purify. 

Clear, v. To make clear. (W.) 

Clearance, n. Permission to sail. 

Cleave, v. To split, to adhere. (W.) 

Cleft, n. Crack, crevice. 

Clemency, n. Mildness, lenity. 

Clement, a. Mild in temper. 

Clerisy, n. The literati. 

Clever, a. Possessing a good disposition. 

Cliff, n. A steep bank. 

Cliffy, a. Broken, craggy. 

Climatology, n. The science of climates. 

Clime, n. A climate, a region of the earth. 

Climax, n. Gradation, ascent. 

Cling, v. To adhere closely. 

Clinic, n. One confined to bed by sickness. 

Clique, n. A party, a circle of persons. 

Clod, n. A hard lump of earth. (W.) 

Clog, v. To encumber, to load. 

Cloister, n. A nunnery. 

Close, v. To shut, to unite. 

Closure, n. That which confines. 

Clotted, p. Concreted into a mass. 

Clotter, v. To concrete, gather into lumps. 

Cloud, n. A collection of visible vapor. 

Cloven, p. Divided, parted. 

Cloy, v. To glut, to satisfy. 

Clump, n. A short, thick piece of wood. 

Cluster, n. A bunch, an assemblage. 

Clysmic, a. Washing, cleansing. 

Coadjutor, n. One who aids another. 



46 COALESCE — COLLOCATE. 

Coalesce, v. To unite. 

Coalition, n. Union in one body. 

Coarctate, v. To press together. 

Coast, n. Next to the sea. (W.) 

Coasting, n. The act of sailing near the shore. 

Cochineal, n. An insect used in dyeing. 

Codicil, n. A supplement to a will. 

Coerce, v. To restrain. 

Coeval, a. Of the same age. 

Coffee, n. A berry of a tree. (W.) 

Coffer, n. A chest for money. 

Coffering, p. Depositing in a coffer. 

Cogent, a. Urgent, powerful. 

Cognate, a. Kindred by birth. 

Cognition, n. Personal knowledge. 

Cognizant, a. Having knowledge of. 

Cohabit, v. To dwell with. 

Coheir, a. Joint heir. 

Coinage, n. Money coined. (W.) 

Coincide, v. To concur, to agree. 

Collapse, n. A falling together, a falling in. 

Collate, v. To compare, to examine. 

Colleague, n. Partners in the same office. 

Collectable, a. That may be collected. 

College, n. An establishment or edifice for 

collegians. 
Collegian, n. A member of a college. 
Colletic, a. Having the property of gluing. 
Collide, v. To dash against each other.- 
Colligate, v. To tie or bind together. 
Collocate, v. To set, to place. 






COLLOCUTJON COMMODIOUS. 47 

Collocution, 7i. A speaking or conversing 
together. 

Colloquy, n. Conversation. 

Collude, v. To play into each other's hand. 

Colluding, p. Conspiring with another in a 
fraud. 

Colonel, n. A military officer. 

Colonial, a. Per. to a colony. 

Color, n. Hue, tint, appearance. (W.) 

Colific, a. Able to give color. 

Combat, v. To fight. 

Combinable, a. Capable of combining. 

Combustible, a. That will take fire. 

Combination, n. Union of parts. (W.) 

Combustive, a. Disposed to take fire. 

Comely, a. Graceful, becoming. 

Comfort, v. To strengthen, to console. 

Comity,?!. Mildness and suavity of manners. 

Commatic, a. Having short clauses or sen- 
tences. 

Commend, v. To represent as worthy. 

Commensurate, a. Equal. 

Comment, v. To explain, remark. 

Commerce, n. An interchange of goods. 

Commercial, a. Per. to trade. 

Commingle, v. To mix together. 

Comminute, v. To make fine, to pulverize. 

Commiserate, v. To pity, to be sorry for. 

Commissary, n. A commissioner. (W.) 

Commit, v. To imprison, to do a fault. (W.) 

Commitment, n. A sending to prison. 

Commodious, a. Convenient, suitable. 



48 COMMODITY— COMPOSITE. 

Commodity, n. Wares, merchandise. 
Commonalty, n. The common people. 
Commonitory, a. Calling to mind. 
Commonness, n. Frequent occurrence. 
Commonwealth, n. The people of a state. 
Commune, v. To converse. 
Communicate, v. To impart. (W.) 
Community, n. The society at large. 
Commutation, n. Exchange, barter. 
Compact, a. Closely and firmly united. 
Compacture, n. Close union of parts. 
Comparable, a. Worthy of comparison. 
Compassionate, a. Having a disposition to 

pity. 
Compatible, a. Consistent, suitable. 
Compeer, n. An equal, a companion. 
Compellatory, a. Compulsion. 
Compendium, n. An abridgment. 
Compendious, a. Short, abridged. 
Compensate, v. To recompense. 
Competition, n. Rivalry, strife. 
Competitor, n. A rival. 
Complacency, n. Pleasure, satisfaction. 
Complaisant, a. Pleasing in manners. 
Complex, a. Composed of two or more parts. 
Complicated, a. Interwoven. 
Compliment, n. An expression of civility. 
Complot, n. A conspiracy. 
Comply, v. To yield to, to agree. 
Component, n. A constituent part. 
Comport, v. To agree with. 
Composite, a. Made up of parts. (W.) 



COMPOSITOR CONCUR. 49 

Compositor, n. One who sets type and ad- 
justs the work. 

Compost, ?i. A mixture for manure. 

Compound, v. To unite, to combine. 

Comprehend, v. To conceive, to understand. 

Compress, v. To press together. 

Compromise, n. A mutual settlement. 

Compunction, n. Deep sorrow. 

Computable, a. Capable of being numbered. 

Concave, a. Hollow, opposed to convex. 

Concede, v. To yield, to admit. 

Conceivable, a. That may be understood. 

Concentrate, v. To bring into smaller com- 
pass. 

Concentric, a. Having one common center. 

Conceit, n. Conception, notion, fancy. (W.) 

Concenter, v. To draw to a common center. 

Concert, n. Union, sympathy. 

Concertative, a. Contentious, quarrelsome. 

Concerted,^. Mutually planned. 

Conchifer, n. An animal of the bivalve, mol- 
lusk kind, such as the oyster and clam. 

Conchology, n. The science of shells and 
the animals that inhabit them. 

Conciliate, v. To reconcile. 

Concise, a. Brief, of few words. 

Conclave, n. A private meeting. (W.) 

Conclusive, a. Final, decisive. 

Concourse, n. An assemblage. 

Concrete, v. To form a mass by cohesion 
of separate particles. 

Concur, v. To unite, to meet mind with mind 



50 CONCUSSION — CONGLUTINATE. 

Concussion, n. The state of being shaken. 

Condemn, v. To judge guilty 

Condensate, v. To grow thick. 

Condign, a. Merited, deserved. 

Conditional, a. By stipulation. 

Condole, v. To lament with another. 

Conduce, v. To promote. 

Conduct, v. To manage. 

Conduit, v. A pipe for conveying water. 

Cone, n, A solid body shaped like a sugar 

loaf. 
Confabulate, v. To talk together. 
Confederate, a. United in a league. 
Confer, v. To discourse, compare, bestow, 
Confest, a. Open, known, owned. 
Confide, v. To trust in. 
Confine, n. Boundary, border. 
Confineless, a. Unlimited. 
Confinity, n. Nearness. 

Confirm, v. To establish, fix, settle. [ury. 
Confiscate, v. To forfeit to the public treas- 
Conflux, n. A flowing together. 
Conformity, n. Resemblance. 
Confound, a. To perplex to astonish. 
Confront, v. To oppose face to face. 
Confuse, v. To disorder, perplex. 
Congeal, v. To harden by frost. 
Congenerous, a. Of the same genus, kind, 

or nature. 
Conglaciate, v. To turn to ice. 
Conglobate, v. To gather into a ball. 
Conglutinate, a. To cement, glue together. 



CONGRATULATE CONSUMMATE. 51 

Congratulate, v. To wish joy. 
Congressive, a. Encountering. 
Congruity, n. Consistency, fitness. 
Conjectural, a. Supposable. 
Conjugal, a. Matrimonial. 
Connive, v. To pretend ignorance. 
Connoisseur, n. A judge, a critic. 
Consanguinity, n. Relation by blood. 
Conscript, n. One taken by lot. 
Consecrate, a. Sacred, devoted. 
Consecutive, a. Following in a train. 
Consentient, a. Agreeing in mind. [cause. 
Consequent, a. Following the effect of a 
Considerate, a. Prudent, regardful. 
Consign, v. To transfer^ intrust. 
Consist, v. To be composed of. 
Consoled. Comforted. 
Consols, n. Consolidated stock. (W.J 
Consonant, a. Agreeable, consistent- 
Consort, n. A companion. 
Constancy, n. Fixedness. 
Conspiracy, n. A plot for evil. 
Consternation, n. Amazement. 
Constitute, v. To fix, to establish. 
Constitution, n. The state of being. 
Constrict, v. To draw together. 
Construct, v. To build. 

Construe, v. To interpret, explain, [stance. 
Consubstantial, a. Having the same sub- 
Consul, n. An officer. (W.) 
Consult, v. To take counsel together. 
Consummate, v. To complete, to perfect. 



52 CONSUMPTIVE — CONVERGING. 

Consumptive, a. Destructive, wasting. 
Contaction, n. The act of touching. 
Contagion, n. Infection, pestilence. 
Contemn, v. To despise. 
Contemplate, v. To study, meditate. 
Contaminate, v. To defile, corrupt. 
Content, a. Satisfied, easy. 
Contentious, a. Apt to contend. 
Contestable, a. That may be debated. 
Contex, a. Knit or woven together. 
Contiguous, a. Touching. 
Continental, a. Per. to a continent. 
Contingent, «. Accidental, casual. 
Continuity, n. Close union of parts. 
Continuous, a. Joined together. 
Contort, v. To twist together. 
Contour, n. The outline of a figure. 
Contraband, a. Prohibited. 
Contractile, a. Tending to contract. 
Contrapose, a. To set in opposition. 
Contrast, n. Opposition of things. 
Contravene, v* To come against, to oppose. 
Contribute, v. To give, to impart. 
Contrite, a. Penitent, humble. 
Contrition, n. Penitence. 
Controvert, v. To oppose by reasoning. 
Contumacious, a. Obstinate, disobedient. 
Contuse, v. To bruise, to beat. 
Convalescent, a. Recovering health. 
Conventicle, n. An assembly. 
Conventional, a. Stipulated. 
Converging, v. Tending to one point. (W.) 



CONVERSABLE — CORRECTIVE. 5 3 

Conversable, a. Qualified for conversation. 
Convertible, a. That may be changed. 
Convict, v. To prove guilty. 
Convincible, a. Capable of conviction. 
Convivial, a. Per. to a feast. 
Convoke, v. To call together. [ing ships. 
Convoy, n. A protecting force accompany- 
Convulse, v. To give an involuntary motion. 
Co-operative, a. Operating jointly. 
Co-ordinate, a. Holding the same rank. 
Copied, jt? Taken off, transcribed. 
Cophosis, n. Deafness. 
Coping, v. Contending. 
Copious, a. Abundant. 
Copper, n. A metal. (W.) 
Coral, n. A production of a stony nature. 

(W.) 
Corban, n. An alms basket. (W.) 
Cordate, a. Having the form of a heart. 

(W.) 
Cordial, a. Hearty, sincere. 
Cordiality, n* Sincerity. 
Cordiform, a. Heart shaped. 
Corinthian, a. Per. to Corinth. (W.) 
Cornific, a. Producing horn. 
Cornigerous, a. Having horns. 
Corporal, a. Belonging to the body. 
Corporify, v. To embody. 
Corposant, 9i. A phenomenon. (W.) 
Corpulent, a. Fleshy. 
Corpuscle, n. A minute particle. (W.) 
Corrective, n. Having the power to correct. 



54 CORRESPOND — CRAG. 

Correspond, v. To agree, suit, fit, answer. 

Corridor, n. A gallery around a building. 

Corrigible, a. That may be reformed. 

Corroborate, a. To strengthen, confirm. 

Corrode, v. To eat away by degrees. 

Corrosive, a. Eating, wearing away* 

Corsair, n. A pirate. (W.) 

Coruscant, a. Glittering. 

Cosy, a. Snug, comfortable. 

Cosmetic, a. Beautifying. 

Cosmical, a. Relating to the world or the 
whole system of visible bodies. [(W-) 

Cosmology, n. The science of the universe. 

Costume, n. Mode of dress. 

Cotemporary, a. Living at the same time. 

Council, n> An assembly met for consultation. 

Countenance, n. The appearance of the face. 

Counteract, v. To act in opposition to. 

Counterbalance, v. To weigh against. 

Countermand, v. To revoke a former com- 
mand. 

Counterpart, n. The corresponding part. 

Countersign, v. To sign a writing signed by 
a superior. 

Countervail, v. To act with equal force. 

Covert, a. Hid, secret, concealed. 

Covet, v. To have an earnest desire. 

Covinous, a. Deceitful. 

Cozen, v. To cheat. 

Craft, n. Art, ability, skill. 

Crafty, a. Cunning, artful. 

Crag, n. A steep, rugged rock* 



CRAMP — CRUCIBLE. 55 

Cramp, v. To affect with spasms. 
Cranium, n. The skull of an animai. 
Crapulous, a. Sick by intemperance. 
Crater, n. The mouth of a volcano. 
Crave, v. To ask, to entreat for. 
Craven, v. To make cowardly. 
Crayon, n. A kind of pencil. (W.) 
Create, v. To cause to exist. 
Creational, a. Per. to creation. 
Creative, a. Having the power to create. 
Crebrous, a. Frequent. 
Credence, n. Belief, credit. 
Credible, a. That may be believed. 
Creditable, a. Reputable. 
Credulity, n* Easiness of belief. 
Credulous, a. Easily deceived. 
Creed, n. Articles of faith. 
Cremation, n. The burning of the dead. 
Creole, n. A native of Spanish- America. 
Crest, n. A plume of feathers on a helmet, 

any tuft worn on the head. 
Cretaceous, a. Chalky, like chalk. 
Crewel, n. Worsted yarn slack twisted 
Criminate, v. To charge with crime. 
Crimple, v. To contract. 
Cringe, v. To bend with servility. 
Crisis, n. The decisive state of things B 
Criterion, n> A test, standard. 
Criticise, v. To examine, to judge. 
Croaking, a. Grumbling. 
Croze, n. A cooper's tool. 
Crucible, n. A melting pot. 



56 CRUDITY CURTAIL. 

Crudity, n. Rawness, crudeness. 

Crusade, n. An expedition. 

Crustacea, n. One of the classes of the ar- 
ticulated animals, such as the lobster, etc. 
(W.) 

Crustaceous, a. Per. to nature of crust or shell. 

Cryptic, a. Hidden. 

Cryptology, n. A secret language. 

Crystal, n. A hard pellucid stone. (W.) 

Cubit, n. A measure about 18 inches. 

Cuddle, v. To retire from sight. 

Culpable, a. Blamable. 

Culprit, n. A person arraigned for crime. 

Culinary, a. Relating to the art of cooking. 

Culminating, n. Having its highest elevation. 

Cumbent, a. Lying down. 

Cumbrous, a. Burdensome. 

Cumulate. To gather into a heap. 

Cumulose, a. Full of heaps. 

Cuneated, a. Wedge-shaped. 

Cupidity, n. An ardent desire. 

Cupriferous. Containing copper. 

Cupola, n. A dome. 

Cupreous, n. Consisting of copper. 

Curable, a. Admitting a remedy. 

Curative, a. Tending to cure. [novel. 

Curiosity, n. A desire to see something 

Currier, n. One who dresses leather. 

Currish, a. Brutal, snappish. 

Curry, v. To dress leather. 

Cursory. Hasty, without close attention. 

Curtail, v. To shorten. 



CURVATURE DAUB. 57 

Curvature, n. Crookedness. 

Custody, n. A keeping, a guarding. 

Customary, a. According to common usage. 

Cutaneous, a. Belonging to the skin. 

Cuticle, n. The scarf skin. 

Cutlet, n. A small piece of meat for cooking. 

Cuttle-fish, n. A genus of the molluscous 
animals. (W.) 

Cycle, n. A circle, a period of time. (W.) 

Cycloid, n. A geometrical curve. (W.) 

Cyclopedia, n. Circle of human knowl- 
edge. (W.) 

Cynic, n. A man of a canine temper. [(W.) 

Cynics, n. A sect of ancient philosophers. 

Cyphonism. A species of punishment. (W.) 

Czarina, n. A title of the empress of Russia. 

Dactylology, n. The art of communicating 
ideas by the fingers. 

Daggle, v. To run through mud and water. 

Dainty, a. Of exquisite taste. [farm. 

Dairy, n. Milk and all that concerns it on a 

Dally, v. To delay, to defer. 

Damageable, a. That may be impaired. 

Dandruff, n. A scurf which forms on the 
head. 

Dane, n. A native of Denmark. 

Dangerous, a. Perilous. 

Dangle, v. To hang loose. 

Dank, n. Moisture, humidity. 

Dapple, a. Variegated with spots. 

Dastardly, a. Cowardly, base. 

Daub, v. To practice gross flattery. 



58 DATUM — DECOCT. 

Datum, n. Something admitted. 

Daunt, v. To intimidate. 

Dawn, n. The break of day. 

Dazzle, v. To overpower with light. 

Deal, v. To traffic, to trade. 

Dearth, n. Want, scarcity. 

Debark, v. To land from a ship. 

Debarring, n. Hindrance from approach. 

Debenture, n. A writing acknowledging a 
debt. 

Debonair. Civil, gentle, elegant. 

Debut (da-bu). A beginning, the first appear- 
ance before the public as a speaker. 

Debility, n. Weakness, feebleness. 

Decade, n. The sum of ten. 

Decalogue, n. The ten commandments. 

Decamp, v. To march off. 

Decant, v. To pour off gently. 

Decapitate, v. To behead. 

Decease, n. Death, departure from life. 

Deceit, n. Fraud, fallacy. 

Decemvirate, n. The office of the ten gov- 
ernors of Rome. 

Deceptious, a. Deceitful, false. 

Decide, v. To fix, determine. 

Deciduous, a. Falling, short existence. (W.) 

Decipher, v. To unravel, explain. 

Decisive, a Conclusive. [excellence. 

Declension, n. Tendency to a less degree of 

Decline, v. To lean, to refuse. 

Declivous. Gradual descending. 

Decoct, v. To boil, digest. 



DECOROUS DELTJDABLE. 59 

Decorous, a. Decent, suitable. 
Decorum, n. Suitableness of speech and be- 
havior. 
Decoy, v. To lure, to entrap. 
Decree, n. An edict, a law. 
Decrepit, a. Worn out with age. 
Decrepitude, n. Extreme debility. 
Decuple, a. Ten-fold. 
Dedicate, a. To consecrate. 
Deduce, v. To draw from in reasoning. 
Defai lance, n. Failure, defect. 
Defame, v. To censure falsely. 
Defaulter, n. One who is deficient, insolvent- 
Defensible, a. That may be defended. 
Defer, v. To put off, delay. 
Deference, n. Regard, respect. 
Defile, n. A narrow passage. 
Definite, a. Certain, limited. 
Deflect, v. To deviate, turn aside. 
Defray, v. To bear the charges of. 
Degenerate, a. Base, unworthy. 
Dejection, n. Lowness of spirits. 
Deign, v. To condescend. 
Delectable, a. Pleasing, delightful. 
Deleterious, a. Destructive, deadly. 
Delicious, a. Sweet, delicate. 
Delight, n. Pleasure, satisfaction. 
Delineate, v. To sketch, describe. 
Delinquent, n. Failing in duty. 
Delirious, a. Light headed. 
Dell, n. A valley, a hollow. 
Deludable, a. Liable to be deceived. 



60 DELVE DERACINATED. 



Delve, v. To dig. 

Delusive, «. Apt to be deceived. 

Demerit, n. Ill-deserving. 

Demolish. To destroy, overthrow. 

Demulcent, a. Softening. 

Demur, v. To suspend proceedings. 

Demure, n. Sober, grave, affected. 

Denominate, v. To name. 

Denotation, n. The act of denoting. 

Denounce,?;. To inform against. 

Density, n. Closeness, compactness. 

Dental, a. Relating to the teeth. 

Dentition, ?i. The cutting of teeth. 

Deontology, n. The science of duty. 

Departure, n. The act of going away. 

Depascent, a. Feeding. 

Departure, v. To eat up, to consume. 

Depict, v. To portray, to form a likeness of. 

Deplore, v. To lament. 

Deploy, v. To open, to extend. (W.) 

Depone, v. To testify under oath. 

Deport, n. Behavior, demeanor. 

Depose, v. To divest of office. 

Deprave, v. To make bad, or worse. 

Deprecate, v. To pray against. 

Depreciate, v. To lessen the price. 

Depredate, v. To rob, to plunder. 

Deprehend, v. To catch, to take by surprise. 

Depress, v. To deject, to sink. 

Depulse, v. To drive away. 

Depute, v. To appoint as an agent. 

Deracinated,^. Plucked up by the'roots. 



DERANGE DETERMINATE. 61 

Derange, v. To put out of order. [doned. 
Derelict, n. Anything thrown away, aban- 
Derisive, a. Containing derision. 
Derivative, v. That which is derived. 
Derogate, v. To take away, to detract. 
Descant, v, To animadvert freely. 
Describe, v. To delineate. 
Descry, v. To espy, to discover. [pose. 

Desecrate, v. To divert from a sacred pur- 
Desertful, a. Meritorious. 
Desiccate, v. To become dry. 
Desidious. Idle, lazy. 
Design, v. To plan, to form an outline. 
Designate, v. To mark out, to show. 
Desipient, a. Trifling, foolish. 
Desolate, v. To deprive of inhabitants. 
Despair, n. Hoplessness. 
Desperado, n. A desperate fellow. 
Desperate, a. Without regard to danger. 
Despicable, a. Contemptible. 
Despisable, a. Despicable. 
Despoil, v. To strip, to rob. 
Despotic, a. Absolute in power. 
Destinate, v. To design, or appoint. 
Destiny, n. Invincible necessity. 
Desultory, a. Unsettled, inconstant. 
Detach, v. To separate. 
Detail, v. To relate, to narrate. 
Detain, v. To keep back. 
Detect, v. To discover, find out. 
Deter, v. To stop from acting. 
Determinate, a. Fixed, positive. 



62 DETEST — DIET. 



Detest, v. To abhor. 

Detract, v. To derogate from, to take away. 

Detriment, n. Loss, damage. 

Detrude, v. To push down. 

Detrusion, n. The act of driving down. 

Devaporation, n. The change of vapor into 

water. 
Devastate, v. To lay waste. 
Develop, v. To uncover, to unfold. 
Devest, v. To strip, to take off. 
Deviate, v. To wander from the right way. 
Device, n. A contrivance. 
Devious, a. Out of the way, wandering. 
Devise, v. To invent, to contrive. 
Devisor, n. One who gives by will. 
Devour, v. To eat up, destroy. 
Devout, a. Pious, religious. 
Dexterity. Activity, expertness. 
Diabolic. Devilish. 

Diadem, n. Badge of royalty. [angle. 

Diagonal, a. A line drawn from angle to 
Diaporesis, n. Doubt, hesitation. 
Dibble, n. A pointed instrument used in 

gardening. [ground to receive seed. 

Dibbler, n. One who makes holes in the 
Dicacious, a. Talkative. [body. 

Dicephalous, a. Having two heads on one 
Dictate, v. To talk with authority. 
Diction, n. Expression of ideas by words. 
Dictum. An authoritative assertion. 
Didactic, a. Adapted to teach. 
Diet,??. Food, or victuals. 
4 



DIETARY — DISAFFECT. 63 

Dietary, a. Per. to diet. 

Diffide, v. To distrust. 

Diffidence, n. Want of confidence. 

Diffident, a. Distrustful. [of wind. 

Difftation, a. The act of scattering by a gust 

Diffuse, v. To spread. 

Dignity. Elevation of deportment. 

Digressing. Departing from the main subject. 

Dihedron, n. A figure with two surfaces. 

Dilatable. Capable of expansion, elastic. 

Dilate. To expand. 

Dilatory. Tardy, sluggish. 

Diligence. Steady application, assiduity. 

Diligence, n. Industry, assiduity. 

Dilucid, a. Clear, bright. 

Dilute, v. To weaken. 

Dimensity, n. Extent, capacity. 

Dimidiate, v. To divide into two equal parts. 

Diminutive, a. Small, little. 

Dimming, p. Clouding, obscuring the sight. 

Dinarchy, n. A government in which the 
ruling power is vested in two persons. 

Diocese, n. The extent of a bishop's jurisdic- 
tion. 

Diplomate, n. One skilled in diplomacy. 

Dipterous, a. Having two wings. 

Direct, a. Straight. 

Direful, a. Dreadful. 

Diruption, n. A rending asunder. 

Disability, n. Want of ability. 

Disabused, v. Undeceived. 

Disaffect, a. To alienate affection. 



APPENDIX. 



Primitive and Derivative Words — Prefixes 

and Suffixes. 
Rule for doubling the final letter, in spelling. 
Rule for dropping the final e, in spelling. 
Rules for the final y, in spelling. 

Abbreviations Used in this Dictionary. 



Per. Pertaining. 
Hav. Having. 
Pro. Producing. 



Con. Containing. 

Bear. Bearing. 

W. Webster's Una- 
bridged. 



Primitive Words. 

A Primitive Word — Is a word without a 
prefix or suffix being joined to it, as Hand, 
Good, Work. 

Derivative Words. 

A Derivative Word — Is a word with a pre- 
fix or suffix joined to it, as Mis-behave, Re- 
pay, Hand-ful, Good-ness. 

Prefixes. 

A Prefix-— Is a syllable joined at the begin* 
ning of a word, as Mis-conduct, Dis-possess. 
The following are some of the Prefixes: A, 
Be, Con, En, Dis, In, Fore, Im, Mis, Pre, Re, 
Super, Un. 

Suffixes. 

A Suffix— Is a syllable added to a word, 
as Govern-able, Honor-ing. The following 
are some of the Suffixes: ing, less, by, ment, 
ness, age, dom, er, ery, ful, fy, ion, ize, ship, 
ous, y, ly. 



KULES FOE SPELLING. 



RULE FIRST. 



A GENERAL RULE FOR DOUBLING THE FINAL 
LETTER OF A WORD ON RECEIVING A SUFFIX. 

Words of one syllable, and words accent- 
ed on the last syllable, and that syllable 
ending with a single consonant, preceded by 
a single vowel, double the final letter on re- 
ceiving a suffix beginning with a vowel. Re- 
member, words of one syllable same as words 
accented on the last syllable. 

In this rule are four things to be well fixed 
in the mind, which are these: 



■ a Accented on the last syllable. 

b That syllable ending with a single con- 
sonant. 

c That consonant preceded by a single 
vowel. 

d The. suffix beginning with a vowel. 



We are now ready to test, by the Rule, the 
spelling of words. We will try the word 



68 RULE FIRST. 



Abhor, with the suffix " ent " added. We 
find u hor," the last syllable, accented. We 
find that syllable ending with a single con- 
sonant. We find that consonant preceded 
by a single vowel. We find the suffix " ent " 
beginning with a vowel. So, in accordance 
with the Rule, the final letter " r " must be 
doubled, and spelt Abhorrent, and not Ab- 
horent. We will try the word Labor, with 
the suffix " ing " added. It doesn't go — 
not accented on the last syllable. See Test 
marked a. We will try the word Retain, 
with the suffix " able " added. We find it 
accented on the last syllable. We find that 
syllable ending with a single consonant. It 
doesn't go any further. See Test marked c. 
That consonant is not preceded by a single 
vowel. We will try the word Refer, with 
the suffix " ed " added. It will be seen that 
this word, by comparing, stands all of the 
tests, and is spelled Referred, not Refered. 
We will try the word Conform, with the 
suffix " able " added. We find it accented 
on the last syllable, but we do not find that 
syllable ending with a single consonant. See 
Test marked b. We will try the word Man, 
with the suffix u ed" added. We find it a 
word of one syllable — see Rule. We find 
that this word stands all the tests, and is 
spelled Manned, not Maned. We will try 
the word Chop, with the suffix " ing " added. 
It stands the tests and is spelt Chopping, 



EULE SECOND. 69 



not Choping. Does Honor, with " ing " 
added, stand the test? See Test marked a. 
Does Repel, with " ent " added, stand the 
test? Does Remain, with " ed " added, stand 
the test? Why not? See Test marked c. 
We will give a few words for the Pupil to 
attach suffixes, and test the spelling — Rebut, 
Absorb, Demand, Report, Run, Prefer, Rob, 
Number, Indent, Fop. 

The Pupil, after the first time going through 
the exercises of this Rule, may write down 
any word that he or she has found to stand 
the test, for a model, to be closely examined 
by the eye, that the causes why some words 
double the final letter may be well noted in 
the mind. 



RULE SECOND. 



A GENERAL EULE FOR DROPPING THE FINAL 



«-c " 



WHEN A SUFFIX IS ADDED TO A WORD. 



The final " e," preceded by any consonant 
(except " c " and " g," and they succeeded 
by a suffix beginning with " a " or " o "), is 
dropped on receiving a suffix beginning with 
a vowel; as Debas(e)ing, Provid(e)ing, De- 
bat(e)able, Conduc(e)ing, Receiv(e)able. 

The habit of noticing words ending in " ce " 
and " ge," and if their suffix begins with 



70 RULE SECOND. 

"a" or "o," is so soon acquired, that this 
Rule is not so hard as it at first appears. 

We "will now proceed with questions and 
answers. Why is the final " e " dropped on 
adding the suffix " ing " to the word Provide? 
Because the final " e " is preceded by a con- 
sonant, and the suffix begins with a vowel. 
Why is not the " e " dropped en adding " ful " 
to the word Disgrace? Because " ful " does 
not begin with a vowel. Why is the " e " not 
dropped on adding " able " to the word Man- 
age? Because the word ends with "ge," 
and the suffix begins with "a." See excep- 
tion to Rule and Remarks. Why is the " e " 
dropped on adding u ing" to the word Man- 
age? Because it does not both end in " ge," 
and have a suffix beginning with " a " or " o." 
See exception to Rule and Remarks. Why 
is the " e " dropped on adding " ing " to the 
word Hate? Because the final " e " is pre- 
ceded by a consonant, and the suffix begins 
with a vowel. This is the general Rule for 
dropping the final " e." We think more repe- 
tition of this Rule unnecessary. Try the 
word Trace, with " able " added. See ex- 
ception to the general Rule, and do not forget 
the " ce " and "ge;" and remember, if they 
are succeeded by " a " or " o, that the " e " 
is not dropped. Try the word Deplore, with 
« [ n g » added. Try the word Name, with 
"less" added. Try the word Name, with 
" ing " added. Try the word Blame, with 



RULE THIRD. 71 



" ful " or " less " added. Try the word Blame, 
with " ing " or " able " added. Try the word 
Hope, with " ing " or " ed " added. Try the 
word Hope, with "ful" or "less" added. 
Try the word Damage, with "able" added. 
See exception to Rule. Try the word Dam- 
age, with " ing " added. Try the word Taste, 
with " less " or " ful " added. Try the word 
Taste, with "ing" or "ed" added. The 
Pupil, after going through this exercise a 
very few times, should be able to use this 
Rule without the help of the book. 



RULE THIRD. 

A GENERAL RULE FOR THE FINAL " Y." 

The final " y," preceded by a consonant, 
on receiving any suffix except "ing" and 
" ish," is changed into " i," as comply, com- 
pilable; defy, defiance; apply, applicant; deny, 
deniable; bury, buried. We will" now pro- 
ceed with questions and answers. Why is 
the " y " not changed into " i " in the word 
Joyous? Because the u y" is not preceded 
by a consonant. Why is the " y " not changed 
in the word Boyish? Because the "y" is 
not preceded by a consonant, and " ish " is 
one of the exceptions. Why is the "y" in 
the word Straying, not changed into "i"? 
For the same r.eason that the "y" in the 



72 RULE THIRD. 



word Boyish* is not changed. See exception. 
Why is the "y" changed into "i" in the 
word Supplied, and not in the word Supply- 
ing? For the reason, please see exception to 
Rule. Why is the u y " changed into " i " in 
the word Compliment? Because the "y" 
being the final letter in the word Comply, 
preceded by a consonant, and the suffix being 
some other than "ing" or "ish." We have 
in the last answer this Rule condensed and 
simplified. Contrary to the general Rule, a 
few words have the "i" changed into " e;" 
as bounteous, plenteous, beauteous, duteous, 
piteous. A few words drop the"y;" as mem- 
orable, charitable. And a few change a y " 
"into " i " when the " y " is not preceded by a 
consonant; as laid, paid, staid, said. 






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